Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities

Thursday’s 10-year TIPS auction: Is it a must buy?

Posted on January 14, 2024 by Tipswatch

By David Enna, Tipswatch.com

Here’s a strange fact: Despite the surge higher in 10-year real yields over the last 16 months, no new-issue TIPS of this term has received a coupon rate of 1.50% or higher since July 2009. That’s true even though daily 10-year real yields crossed the 1.50% threshold in September 2022 and hit a peak of 2.52% on Oct. 25, 2023.

It is just the way the January and July auctions have turned out for this 10-year term. In January 2023, real yields dipped to about 1.22% (the auction got a coupon rate of 1.125%) and then in July 2023, down to 1.49% (the auction got a coupon rate of 1.375%).

This trend might be broken Thursday, when the Treasury auctions a new 10-year TIPS, CUSIP 91282CJY8. The real yield to maturity and coupon rate will be determined by the auction results.

Definition: A TIPS is an investment that pays a coupon rate well below that of other Treasury investments of the same term. But with a TIPS, the principal balance adjusts each month (usually up, but sometimes down) to match the current U.S. inflation rate. So, the “real yield to maturity” of a TIPS indicates how much an investor will earn above inflation each year until maturity.

Some thoughts about CUSIP 91282CJY8:

This will be the only TIPS — up to this point — maturing in 2034. A second will be created in the July 2024 auction of another new 10-year TIPS.
The Treasury set the auction size at $18 billion, the largest in the 26-year history of 10-year TIPS. Will the market comfortably soak up that additional supply? The Treasury seems at least a little concerned, based on a recent Reuters report.
This TIPS will have an inflation index of 0.99896 on the settlement date of Jan. 31 because of slightly negative non-seasonally adjusted inflation in November. Principal balances will also decline 0.1% in February, based on December inflation. Big money investors will be adjusting their bids based on these facts.

Real yields have been volatile over the last week, but at this point the Treasury’s estimate for a full-term 10-year TIPS is a real yield of 1.69%, down 14 basis points in a week. The most recent 10-year TIPS trading on the secondary market closed Friday at 1.66%.

It’s impossible to say where we are heading into next week. Tensions are building yet again in the Middle East. China isn’t happy with Taiwan’s election. The U.S. Congress may sink toward another government shutdown, while deficits continue surging higher. Plus, markets are closed Monday for the Martin Luther King Jr holiday.

The result is volatility, but we are used to that.

So let’s assume that this TIPS gets an auctioned real yield of 1.69%. That would be the 3rd highest real yield for this term since April 2010, but well below recent reopening auctions of this term: 2.094% in September 2023 and 2.180% in November 2023. The coupon rate would be set at 1.625%.

Exciting? Not really. Disappointing? No. It is what it is, a historically attractive real yield for a 10-year TIPS. Here is the trend in the 10-year real yield over the last 15 years:

Pricing

Because this is a new TIPS, the coupon rate will be set to the nearest 1/8th percentage point below the auctioned real yield. That means the TIPS will have an unadjusted price below 100. Add in the fact that the inflation index will be 0.99896 on the settlement date, and you have a near guarantee that this TIPS will auction with an adjusted price below par value of 100. The only unknown factor is a small amount of accrued interest based on the as-yet-undetermined coupon rate.

What does this mean? If you are placing an order for this TIPS at auction, you can be fairly certain your cost will be very close to or below par value. That makes things easy. If you want $10,000 par, the price should be right around $10,000, either at TreasuryDirect or any brokerage that doesn’t charge a commission.

Inflation breakeven rate

With the Treasury estimating the yield on a 10-year nominal Treasury note at 3.96% on Friday, CUSIP 91282CJY8 currently would have an inflation breakeven rate of 2.27%, which aligns closely with recent auctions of this term. This looks very reasonable to me. Here is the trend in the 10-year inflation breakeven rate over the last 15 years:

From this chart, which shows recessions in shading, you can see that the inflation breakeven rate drops drastically when economic distress strikes. Those are opportune times for investing in TIPS, at least versus a nominal Treasury. As those times worsen, the Treasury generally steps in with quantitative easing, and TIPS investments benefit.

Right now we are in more of a neutral zone. The Fed is still doing quantitative tightening, which means it is lowering its $4.7 trillion balance sheet of Treasurys. But there have been indications QT could end this year. If that happens, TIPS yields could decline along with nominal yields.

Is this TIPS a ‘must buy’?

Although I am planning to buy a sizable investment Thursday, I wouldn’t call this auction a must buy. That will depend on something we can’t know: the future. 1) If you think real yields will be heading steadily lower in 2024, then buy at this auction. 2) If you want to fill a 2034 slot on your TIPS ladder for an investment that will be held to maturity, then buy at this auction. (Or soon after on the secondary market.)

But if you think real yields will be in flux through the year, then you will have plenty of opportunities to buy on the secondary market or at two more reopening auctions for this TIPS (in March and May) and then a new TIPS in July and two more reopenings later in the year.

However, keep in mind that finding CUSIP 91282CJY8 on the secondary market in small lot sizes could be difficult for a few weeks, even more than month.

I Bonds vs. TIPS?

The U.S. Series I Savings Bond currently has a permanent fixed rate of 1.3% for purchases through April. It appears CUSIP 91282CJY8 will have about a 39-basis-point advantage, which I think makes this competition a toss up. I Bonds have a lot of advantages over TIPS, but purchases are limited to $10,000 per person per year unless you use your tax return to get paper I Bonds or add to your holdings through the gift-box strategy or trusts.

As things stand, I definitely plan to buy I Bonds up to the limit this year, very probably in April. After that, I will strategically add to my TIPS holdings. The two investments are compatible — I Bonds for future cash needs and TIPS for defined inflation-protected payouts in future years.

What’s next?

This TIPS auction closes Thursday at 1 p.m. EST. Non-competitive bids at TreasuryDirect must be placed by noon Thursday. If you are putting an order in through a brokerage, make sure to place your order Wednesday or very early Thursday, because brokers cut off auction orders before the noon deadline.

You can track the Treasury’s daily yield estimate after the market close each day on its Real Yields Curve page. But remember that the bond market is closed Monday. I hope to post the results soon after the auction closes on Thursday.

Meanwhile, here is a history of the last five years of auctions of this term:

• Confused by TIPS? Read my Q&A on TIPS

• TIPS in depth: Understand the language

• TIPS on the secondary market: Things to consider

• Upcoming schedule of TIPS auctions

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Feel free to post comments or questions below. If it is your first-ever comment, it will have to wait for moderation. After that, your comments will automatically appear. Please stay on topic and avoid political tirades.

David Enna is a financial journalist, not a financial adviser. He is not selling or profiting from any investment discussed. I Bonds and TIPS are not “get rich” investments; they are best used for capital preservation and inflation protection. They can be purchased through the Treasury or other providers without fees, commissions or carrying charges. Please do your own research before investing.

Posted in Federal Reserve, I Bond, Investing in TIPS, TreasuryDirect | 34 Comments

December inflation gets an upside surprise; annual rate rises to 3.4%

Posted on January 11, 2024 by Tipswatch

By David Enna, Tipswatch.com

One hour after I was reading a Bloomberg report on inflation steadily easing in future months, the Bureau of Labor Statistics sent out a December surprise: Seasonally-adjusted inflation rose rose 0.3% for the month and 3.4% for the year.

Both those numbers were higher than expectations, and the same was true for core inflation, which removes food and energy. For the month, core inflation also rose 0.3% and ended 2024 at 3.9%.

This should be a bit of a shock to the U.S. stock market, which recently seems to have been celebrating the return of U.S. inflation to the Federal Reserve’s target of 2.0%. But the December report sent a different message: Inflation isn’t quite tamed yet.

This report sets the official 2023 U.S. inflation rate at 3.4%, down dramatically from the 6.5% of 2022 and 7.0% of 2020. But before that, inflation had not reached this level since 2005.

The BLS noted that shelter again was the key cause of higher inflation, with costs rising 0.5% for the month and 6.2% over the last year, and accounting for more than half of the all-items increase. More from the report:

Gasoline prices crept 0.2% higher for the month but were down 1.9% for the year.
The costs of food at home rose 0.1% and were up a moderate 1.3% for the year.
The index for meats, poultry, fish, and eggs rose 0.5% in December, led by an 8.9% increase in the index for eggs.
Electricity costs rose a sharp 1.3% for the month and were up 3.3% for the year
Costs of used cars and trucks rose 0.5% in December but were down 1.3% for the year.
New vehicle costs rose 0.3% for the month and 1.0% for the year.
The motor vehicle insurance index rose 1.5% in December and was up a whopping 20.3% in 2023.
Costs of transportation services rose 0.1% for the month but were up 9.7% for the year.
The index for rent rose 0.4% for the month and 6.5% for the year.

Here is the trend in 2023 for all-items and core inflation, showing that core inflation has been inching steadily lower, while all-items costs have fluctuated:

What this means for TIPS and I Bonds

Investors in Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities and U.S. Series I Savings Bonds are also interested in non-seasonally adjusted inflation, which is used to adjust principal balances on TIPS and set future interest rates on I Bonds. For the month of December, the BLS set the inflation index at 306.746, a decrease of 0.10% from the November number.

Why was official inflation 0.3% and non-seasonal -0.10%? Keep in mind that seasonal and non-seasonal inflation balance out over the year and non-seasonal inflation tends to run lower from July to December and then higher from January to June. So expect a reverse of this trend beginning next month.

For TIPS. The December report means that principal balances for all TIPS will decline by 0.10% in February, after falling 0.20% in January. Here are the new February Inflation Indexes for all TIPS.

For I Bonds. The December report is the third in a six-month string that will determine the I Bond’s new variable rate, which will be reset on May 1 and eventually take effect for all I Bonds. So far, through three months, inflation has decreased 0.34%. The next three months are highly likely to reverse that negative number, but I would expect the end result to be less than 1.0%, which would result in a new variable rate around 1.72% for six months. Could it be higher? Maybe. Could also be lower. Lots can happen over the next three months.

As I have noted before, long-term I Bond investors should focus on the fixed rate, which is currently 1.3% for any purchase through April. The fixed rate is permanent and is historically attractive right now.

Here are the relevant numbers so far:

See historical data on my Inflation and I Bonds page

What this means for future interest rates

I’d expect some turmoil in the Treasury market today, with yields rising higher. This inflation report was higher than expectations across the board. The report certainly should reinforce the Federal Reserve’s determination to hold interest rates steady until inflation shows signs of abating. But it probably won’t mean much in the long run: The Fed has signaled three short-term rate cuts in 2024 and I’d expect that to happen.

From a Bloomberg report this morning:

“Inflationary pressures, while generally inching lower, remain stubbornly higher than expectations as the so-called ‘last mile’ requires more time to reach the final goal. The last Fed minutes underscored that the path towards price stability remains uncertain, and today’s CPI report suggests that the Fed’s initial rate cut may be later than the market is hoping for.”
Quincy Krosby, chief global strategist at LPL Financial

“Today’s inflation report reinforces the notion that the market had gotten a little overexcited around the timing of rate cuts. These are not bad numbers, but they do show that disinflation progress is still slow and unlikely to be a straight line down to 2%.”
Seema Shah, chief global strategist at Principal Asset Management

So it is possible that we won’t see a rate cut from the Federal Reserve in March, as many had anticipated. Figure June, instead?

This December inflation report should hold real yields around current levels through the Jan. 18 auction of a new 10-year TIPS. I will be posting a preview article about that auction on Sunday morning.

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Posted in Federal Reserve, I Bond, Inflation, Investing in TIPS, Savings Bond | 23 Comments

I Bond buying guide for 2024: Be patient

Posted on January 7, 2024 by Tipswatch

By David Enna, Tipswatch.com

Updated analysis … I Bond dilemma: Buy in April, in May, or not at all?

If you are a longer-term investor looking for ultimate safety and protection from inflation, you are going to want to buy U.S. Series I Savings Bonds in 2024, up to the $10,000 per person limit and possibly more.

That’s what I think. Not everyone agrees, such as this recent “Buy Side” article from the Wall Street Journal, which put forth the opposite opinion:

If you buy I bonds today, you could find yourself shackled to an investment with diminishing returns, says Aaron Brachman, a financial advisor in Washington: “I’ve never thought I bonds were a good place to park cash,” he says. … While I bonds will still keep you a step ahead of inflation, it’s obvious why their buzz has faded.

It’s no surprise to me that a financial adviser would criticize I Bonds. (No commissions, no fees, and they aren’t sexy.) But to understand why I Bonds remain attractive, even though the composite rate may slip lower, you have to understand how these investments work.

The basics

The fixed rate of an I Bond will never change. Purchases through April 30, 2024, will have a fixed rate of 1.3%, which means the return will exceed official U.S. inflation by 1.3% until the I Bond is redeemed or matures in 30 years. That fixed rate is the highest in 16 years.
The inflation-adjusted rate (often called the I Bond’s variable rate) changes each six months to reflect the running rate of inflation. That rate is currently set at 3.94%, annualized, for six months. It will adjust again on May 1, 2024, rolling into effect for all I Bonds, no matter when they were purchased.
The current composite rate is 5.27% annualized for six months for purchases through April 2024.

For a longer-term investor (holding 5 years or more) the fixed rate should be the focus, because it is permanent. Getting a fixed rate of 1.3% above inflation is highly attractive, historically, especially when you factor in the benefits of I Bonds.

I Bonds are an extremely safe and conservative investment. Interest accrues monthly and principal can never decline, even in times of deflation. Investments are limited to $10,000 per person per calendar year for electronic I Bonds held at TreasuryDirect. There is also the option to get $5,000 a year in paper I Bonds in lieu of a federal tax refund. There is also a “gift box” strategy some investors use to stack purchases for future years.

I Bonds are a unique investment with many positives. For example, earnings are free of state income taxes and federal taxes can be deferred until the I Bond is redeemed or matures. Also, I Bonds are a simple investment to buy and track, much simpler than a TIPS with a constantly changing market value and inflation accruals that update daily.

But I can earn more elsewhere!

Yes, you can, and that is why short-term investors with a time horizon of 18 months or less should look elsewhere. Redeeming an I Bond held less than 5 years will trigger a penalty of the last three months of interest. That’s an obstacle for short-term investors, with the 13-week T-bill currently yielding 5.47% versus the I Bond’s 5.27%. Even the 1 year T-bill at 4.84% is attractive because it matures after one year with no penalty.

Also, the current 5.27% composite rate is likely to fall lower at the May 1 reset because inflation has been trending lower. The new composite rate could be closer to 3.0% to 4.0%, or even lower. Is that a disaster? Not really, but it’s not great for a short-term investor.

The long-term investor, however, should focus on earning 1.3% above inflation until redemption or maturity in 30 years. That is very attractive for an investment with ultimate safety and ease of ownership. Do you think in the next decade we could again see a period with safe interest rates close to zero? If that happens, I Bonds paying 1.3% above inflation will be performing well.

The buying strategy: Wait.

At this point of market trends, I think we will see both the I Bond’s fixed rate and variable rate fall at the May 1 reset. Mark this date on your calendar: April 10, 2024. At 8:30 a.m. ET on that day, the BLS will issue its March inflation report, setting in stone the I Bond’s new variable rate.

Variable rate. So far, the trend is not looking good for even a moderate variable rate, but things can change in the next few months, as shown in this comparison of non-seasonally adjusted inflation for this rate-setting period in 2022-2023:

I don’t think it’s likely we will see inflation ramp up this year the way it did in early 2023, but after a low number in December, non-seasonally adjusted inflation should perk higher from January to March. However, the end result of six-month inflation could be as low as 1.0%, creating a composite rate of 3.3%. That’s just a guess.

My contention is that for a long-term investor, the variable rate isn’t a crucial factor. It creates a six-month composite rate for a 30-year investment. The fixed rate of 1.3% is crucial. It is permanent.

Fixed rate. The Treasury tracks trends in real yields (specifically yields on Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities) to help determine each reset of the I Bond’s fixed rate. Real yields are down dramatically from the November 1 reset, with the 10-year real yield falling from 2.46% on Oct. 31 to 1.83% at Friday’s close, a drop of 63 basis points.

So, at this point, it doesn’t look likely that the I Bond’s fixed rate will rise on May 1. If 10-year real yields managed to hold around 1.8% through April, the fixed rate would probably fall to about 1.2%, still attractive. But the Treasury market is highly volatile right now. Nothing is certain as the market awaits actions by the Federal Reserve. It’s possible real yields could fall another 50 basis points by the end of April. Or rise? Who knows.

What this all means

I think it is highly likely that the best decision will be to buy your full allocation of I Bonds before the end of April, to lock in both the 1.3% fixed rate and 5.27% composite rate for a full six months. But there is no reason to rush that decision. An I Bond purchased in April gets exactly the same return as one purchased in January.

So there is time. Here’s what we will want to watch:

Are real yields declining? In April, if you see 5- and 10-year TIPS yields falling to 1.5% or lower, you would definitely want to lock in the 1.3% fixed rate by buying in April. In fact, might want to use the gift box strategy to buy more, if you have a trusted partner for that transaction. My opinion: The gift box should only be used to lock in a high fixed rate, like the 1.3% currently in effect.
Are real yields rising? Despite the Fed’s intention to begin cutting short-term interest rates this year, I’ve seen speculation from market “experts” that longer-term nominal rates could still rise, possibly to 6% on the 10-year Treasury note. Other experts, like bond king Jeffery Gundlach, see 3% as more likely. If 5- and 10-year real yields actually do rise by May to levels above 2.0%, it’s possible that we will see a higher fixed rate at the May 1 reset. I think that is unlikely, but by postponing your I Bond purchase to April you can get a better idea of what’s ahead.
Is inflation declining? Lower inflation will cut the I Bond’s variable and composite rates, but that should not be a huge factor in this long-term investment decision.

The rollover strategy

If you are holding I Bonds with 0.0% fixed rates, you are currently earning a composite rate of 3.94%. You could redeem some of those now, park the cash in a money market account paying close to 5%, and then in April use that cash to buy I Bonds with a 1.3% fixed rate.

I generally encourage people to continue holding I Bonds “until you need the cash.” It’s great to have these savings bonds growing tax-deferred with zero risk. But this strategy of rolling over 0.0% I Bonds for a 1.3% fixed rate makes sense.

You will owe federal income taxes on the interest earned, and if your withdrawal is more than $10,000 (because of earned interest) you’ll only be able to buy $10,000 in new I Bonds in April. And if you held the I Bond less than 5 years, you will get hit with the three-month interest penalty, either at 3.38% or 3.94% or a combination, depending on your month of purchase.

The rollover strategy especially makes sense for people who are retired and have no way to raise cash for an I Bond purchase without selling an asset or withdrawing IRA money, both creating tax hits.

Reminder: When you redeem an I Bond, you earn zero interest for the month of that transaction. So the best idea is to redeem early in the month, like Jan. 2 or Feb. 2.

The TIPS alternative

For a savvy investor able to handle the complexity of investments in Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities, TIPS at this point are a “superior” investment to I Bonds because real yields are about 50 basis points higher. Plus, there is no purchase cap on TIPS or penalty for selling out early.

But TIPS are subject to market forces, rising and falling in value by the hour. In my opinion, they work best when held to maturity in a structured ladder providing inflation-protected cash for future needs. I Bonds have a flexible maturity so they can be considered more of a “cash equivalent” savings account and work well side-by-side with TIPS. And I Bonds aren’t subject to any market-price swings.

For some investors, TIPS are the preferred choice. For others, it is I Bonds. Or for people like me, a combination.

Conclusion

A lot of shorter-term, yield-hungry investors won’t see the appeal of I Bonds in 2024. That’s fine; there are great short-term options available right now. But longer-term investors interested in building a sizable reserve of inflation-protected cash will want to buy I Bonds in 2024, up to the limit.

But there is no hurry. Just mark your calendars for that April 10 inflation report.

What are your thoughts? Post your ideas and strategies in the comments section below. If you will bypass I Bonds this year, what alternatives are you considering?

• Confused by I Bonds? Read my Q&A on I Bonds

• Let’s ‘try’ to clarify how an I Bond’s interest is calculated

• Inflation and I Bonds: Track the variable rate changes

• I Bonds: Here’s a simple way to track current value

• I Bond Manifesto: How this investment can work as an emergency fund

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Posted in Cash alternatives, Federal Reserve, I Bond, Inflation, Retirement, Treasury Bills, TreasuryDirect | 115 Comments

2023: A good year for fighting inflation

Posted on December 31, 2023 by Tipswatch

For investors seeking safety and inflation protection, volatility brought strong opportunities.

By David Enna, Tipswatch.com

All things considered (financially speaking, that is) 2023 was a pretty good year. Maybe even very good.

The U.S. inflation rate dropped from 6.4% in January to 3.1% in November. The S&P 500 index rose a sweet 23.9% before dividends, dishing out a total return of 26.2%. The total bond market had a total return of 5.7%, following a disastrous -13.1% in 2022.

And 2023 was also a good year for investors looking for safe returns in Treasurys, money market accounts and bank CDs. The 13-week T-bill started the year at 4.53% and ended it at 5.40%, offering a solid year of high yields.

A combination of moderately-high inflation and recent declines in real yields also created a decent year for funds invested in Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities. The broad-based TIP ETF had a total return of 3.81%, and the shorter-term-focused VTIP came in at 4.62%.

Good news. Also, I have something positive to share, but you have to read to the end of this article to find out what it is.

I Bonds make history

The U.S. Series I Savings Bond started the year with a fixed rate of 0.4% and a composite rate of 6.89%, annualized for six months. The variable rate at that time was 6.48%, the 3rd highest in the history of this investment. That’s a very attractive return, but things were about to get better.

On April 28, the Treasury announced that the I Bond’s fixed rate would rise to 0.9% for purchases from May through October. The composite rate fell from 6.89% to 4.3%, but with I Bonds, a higher fixed rate is always the more-attractive option since it stays with the investment for up to 30 years.

And then on Oct. 31, Treasury set the I Bond’s fixed rate at 1.3% for purchases from November 2023 to April 2024. The composite rate rose to 5.27%. While this wasn’t the highest I Bond fixed rate in history, it was the highest since November 2007, 16 years ago.

At the time, it looked like the I Bond’s fixed rate could continue rising in 2024 as the Federal Reserve continued raising short-term interest rates. But then, in November and December, the Fed made clear that the rate-hiking cycle is over and interest rates are likely to begin falling (gradually?) in 2024.

On Oct. 31, just before the last I Bond’s fixed rate reset, the 10-year TIPS had a real yield of 2.46%. Now that has fallen 74 basis points to 1.72%. If real yields were able to hold steady at this level, it’s possible that the I Bond’s fixed rate could fall to just 1.2% or so on May 1. But the next reset is likely to be lower than that.

This means that the 1.3% fixed rate on the I Bond could have marked a high point. It is a historically attractive rate and makes I Bonds an attractive investment through April. I will be writing an I Bond buying guide in early January, and will provide more thoughts then.

A volatile, but good, year for TIPS

Real yields (meaning yields above U.S. inflation) had a rather wild ride in 2023, as shown in this chart:

Beginning in August, I tried to emphasis that we had entered a fantastic period for building a long-term TIPS ladder to provide inflation-protected cash well into retirement. I was fairly aggressively adding to my investments in late August and September, a bit before the October high but mostly hitting my target of real yields above 2.0%.

At this point, my TIPS ladder is complete, but I am still looking to buy the new 10-year TIPS at auction on Jan. 18, 2024. By doing that, I can fill the missing 2034 rung on my ladder.

Here is the year-long trend in real yields for TIPS, showing how yields dipped in the spring (especially for the mid- to long-term), rose dramatically and flattened out through October, and then tailed off to end the year at levels at bit higher than they began the year:

Let’s look back at the year in newly issued TIPS:

CUSIP 91282CGK1, 10-year TIPS

Originating auction on Jan. 19 with a real yield to maturity of 1.220% and a coupon rate of 1.25%.
Reopening on March 23, with a real yield of 1.182%, the lowest for this maturity at auction in 2024.
Reopening on May 18, with a real yield of 1.395%.

Throughout most of 2023 and even continuing today, the real yield of the 10-year TIPS has been the lowest — or near lowest — on the TIPS yield spectrum. Not sure why. The 5-year and 20-year yields have consistently been higher.

CUSIP 912810TP3, 30-year TIPS

Originating auction on Feb. 16 with a real yield to maturity of 1.550%, the highest auction yield for this term since June 2011. The coupon rate was set at 1.50%.
Reopening on Aug. 24 with a real yield of 1.970%.

A 30-year TIPS is a highly volatile investment. Even though the February auction got a historically high real yield, the market value of this TIPS plummeted in the months ahead as longer-term real yields soared.

As of today it is trading with a real yield of 1.90% and a price of about 91.09, a drop in value of about 7.8% since the originating auction. But things were much worse in late October when the 30-year yield hit 2.56%.

CUSIP 91282CGW5, 5-year TIPS

Originating auction on April 20 with a real yield to maturity of 1.320%, which at the time I called an “attractive result.” (Things would get much prettier later in the year.) The coupon rate was set at 1.250%.
Reopening auction on June 22 with a much higher real yield of 1.832%.

Real yields hit their 2024 low in April and then began climbing through October. The April auction, in hindsight, ended up being “just OK.”

CUSIP 91282CHP9, 10-year TIPS

Originating auction on July 20 with a real yield to maturity of 1.495% and a coupon rate of 1.375%. A bit disappointing at a time when real yields seemed to be trending higher.
Reopening auction on Sept. 21, with a real yield of 2.094%. Much better!
Reopening auction on Nov. 21 with a real yield of 2.180%.

By the fall reopenings, CUSIP 91282CHP9 ended up being one of the most attractive TIPS offerings of the year, but investors could have gotten higher yields by buying in the secondary market in October, when the 10-year real yield soared (briefly) to 2.52%.

CUSIP 91282CJH5, 5-year TIPS

Originating auction on Oct. 19 with a real yield to maturity of 2.440%, setting the coupon rate at 2.375%. This auction hit just as real yields were surging, so it ended up being a highly attractive investment, despite some confusion by investors.
Reopening auction on Dec. 21 with a real yield 1.710%, down a whopping 73 basis points from the originating auction two months earlier.

These two TIPS auctions demonstrate the dramatic effect of the “Fed pivot” in early December, which sent both nominal and real yields tumbling lower.

Final thoughts

I am happy about the financial events of 2023, which gave me the opportunity to stash away “emergency” cash in high-yielding T-bills and also to build out my TIPS ladder to 2043. Many of those investments had real yields at or above 2.0%, which didn’t seem possible just a few months ago.

For TIPS, this was the year of the secondary market, allowing purchases across the yield spectrum when prices looked attractive. Because real yields rose so high so quickly, it was a time for action, not sitting on the sidelines.

What is your reaction to the volatility of 2023 and the “unknown future” coming at us in 2024? Post your ideas in the comments section below.

Now, the good news …

I have been writing Tipswatch for nearly 13 years (hard to believe, huh?) and for much of that time my focus was more on posting articles on SeekingAlpha.com, where the pay was … er … “decent.” Then SA slashed its payments in November 2020 and I refocused on this website, with advertising supplying the income.

In 2020, Tipswatch.com got 75,008 page views.
In 2021, page views rose to 322,154.
In 2022, that number rose to 992,631.
In 2023, the number is 1,515,496 as of Dec. 29.

For me, surpassing 1 million page views was a personal goal for 2023, and I ended up breaking through that number by September! One of the great things about this site is the growing community of readers who participate in the comments section and offer tips, opinions and help. (This site received 2,769 comments this year.) Plus, you often quickly point out my errors. Thank you!

I have been lucky, I admit. It quickly became apparent in 2022 that U.S. inflation was surging to 40-year highs and then suddenly the I Bond was paying 7.12% and then 9.62%. Interest in inflation protection was HOT. In the last two years I have been I interviewed by the Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Detroit Free Press, Marketwatch, CNBC, Barron’s, Money.com, ProPublica, NPR, Kiplinger’s, the AARP Bulletin and others.

Interest in inflation protection remains high, but not quite at the blazing pace of the past year. So maybe 2024 will be a bit more calm. Then again, I think I Bonds could have one more surge of interest before the May 1 reset. That will be fun.

Have a great holiday weekend, everyone!

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Posted in Federal Reserve, I Bond, Inflation, Investing in TIPS, Savings Bond, Treasury Bills | 79 Comments

5-year TIPS reopening auction gets real yield of 1.710%, on target for investors

Posted on December 21, 2023 by Tipswatch

By David Enna, Tipswatch.com

There were no surprises in today’s Treasury reopening auction of $20 billion in CUSIP 91282CJH5, creating a 4-year, 10-month Treasury Inflation-Protected Security.

The real yield to maturity came in at 1.710%, which exactly matched the when-issued prediction used by bond traders. In the hours before this auction, this TIPS was trading on the secondary market with a real yield of 1.69%, so today’s investors got a 2-basis-point boost.

In its originating auction on Oct. 19, 2023, CUSIP 91282CJH5 got a real yield to maturity of 2.440% and its coupon rate was set at 2.375%, the highest for any 5-year TIPS since the very first TIPS auction of this term in history, which generated a coupon rate of 3.625% on July 9, 1997. Market conditions have changed dramatically in the last two months, as shown by the 1.710% real yield generated by today’s auction.

While 1.710% was well below the October auction’s real yield, it remains high by historical standards, as shown in this chart of real yields over the last 5 years:

Pricing

Because the auctioned real yield of 1.710% fell well below the coupon rate of 2.375%, investors had to pay a premium for this TIPS. This is how the Treasury reported the auction results:

The unadjusted price was 103.046880 and the inflation index will be 1.00453 on the settlement date of December 29. Let’s look at the cost of a investment of $10,000 par value for this TIPS at today’s auction:

Par value: $10,000
Coupon rate: 2.375%
Auctioned real yield: 1.710%
Adjusted principal: $10,000 par x 1.00453 = $10,045.30
Unadjusted price: 103.046880
Cost of investment: $10,045.30 x 1.03046880 = $10,351.37
Plus, accrued interest of about $48.88

In summary, an investor who purchased $10,000 par value paid $10,351.37 for $10,045.30 in principal and will now collect future inflation accruals and a coupon rate of 2.375% on the principal balance until maturity on Oct. 15, 2028.

Inflation breakeven rate

With the 5-year Treasury note trading with a nominal yield of 3.87% at the auction’s close, this TIPS gets an inflation breakeven rate of 2.16%, much lower than results for this maturity in recent auctions. The market is now pricing inflation through the next five years very close to the Federal Reserve target of 2%. Which raises the question: Is the market crazy?

Whatever happens over the next 4 years, 10 months, investors in CUSIP 91282CJH5 at today’s auction got a low-risk, appealing result, especially versus the 5-year nominal Treasury.

Reaction to the auction

It looks like the auction went off almost exactly as expected. The bid-to-cover ratio was 2.55, indicating decent demand. The TIP ETF, which holds the full range of maturities, barely budged after the auction’s close. Everything points to a ho-hum result.

I’ve noted in recent posts that we seem to entering a new era for Treasury yields, with somewhat lower yields likely over the next several months. At the least, yields should stabilize at current levels until the Federal Reserve reveals more exact information on its future moves.

This was the last TIPS auction of 2023. Later this month I will write a recap of the year in inflation protection, including I Bonds. The next TIPS auction will be Jan. 18, 2024, with the release of a new 10-year TIPS.

Here is the history of CUSIP 91282CJH5, which at its originating auction generated a real yield of 2.440%, the highest for this term in 15 years.