The language of TIPS: It’s complicated.

Posted on December 27, 2022 by Tipswatch

New investors are baffled by Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities. Can’t blame them.

By David Enna, Tipswatch.com

A year ago, while real yields for Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities were still deeply below zero, I worked with a Wall Street Journal reporter on a detailed story about investing in TIPS. Things got difficult when we got to the subject of “real yield to maturity.”

Financial reporter: “This doesn’t make sense. What is my actual return? If inflation is 7.0%, why isn’t my real yield to maturity 7.0%? I don’t get it. I’m going to leave real yield to maturity out of the article.”

Me: “You can’t do that! It’s too important. It’s the key to understanding TIPS and investing in TIPS. Your editor will never approve it.”

Wrong. The article on investing in TIPS was written, approved and published, without ever mentioning real yield to maturity.

A year later, TIPS are a rising star of the investment world, with … er … real yields to maturity at their highest levels in 12 to 15 years, much higher than the future yield of highly popular U.S. Series I Savings Bonds. Now I am getting a lot of questions about TIPS. I have a Q&A on TIPS that answers many of those questions, but I thought it would be helpful to discuss, in detail, the complex language of TIPS. If you understand the language, you will better understand TIPS.

Par value

Par value is the bedrock of a TIPS investment. At some point, when you buy a TIPS at auction or on the secondary market, you will enter a dollar amount in a box. The dollar amount you enter is the par value of the TIPS you are purchasing.

TreasuryDirect’s purchase form. Purchase amount = par value.

Par value, almost always, is not what you will actually pay for that TIPS. The actual cost will be determined by a combination of factors, but par value is 1) the amount the Treasury guarantees will be returned to you at maturity, no matter what happens with inflation, and 2) the base amount you will use to determine the current accrued value of your TIPS.

Coupon rate

After the initial auction of a TIPS, the Treasury sets its coupon rate at the 1/8th-percentage-point increment below the auctioned real yield. (All coupon rates are set at 1/8th percentage points … 0.125%, 0.250%, 0.375%, etc. If the TIPS auctions with a negative real yield, it gets a coupon rate of 0.125%, the lowest the Treasury will go for a TIPS.)

For example, at the July 21, 2022, auction of a new 10-year TIPS, the auctioned real yield was 0.630% and the coupon rate was set at 0.625%.

The coupon rate remains the same until that TIPS matures, even if the real yield to maturity rises or falls in the future. For example, that July TIPS later reopened in November with a a real yield of 1.485%, but its coupon rate remained at 0.625%.

The coupon interest on a TIPS is biannual, paid out every six months. It is not reinvested. But while the coupon rate remains the same, the amount actually paid will rise (or possibly fall) to match the accrued principal of the TIPS.

Real yield to maturity

What is it? It is the total return your TIPS investment will earn above (or below) official U.S. inflation for the term of the TIPS. The term “real yield” means “yield above inflation.” Other Treasury issues and bank CDs have a defined “nominal” yield, but investors can’t know the future real yield. TIPS have a defined real yield, but investors can’t know the future nominal yield. It all depends on future inflation.

The real yield of any TIPS is constantly changing, based on market sentiment. But the important factor is: When you buy a TIPS you plan to hold to maturity, you have set in stone your real yield to maturity. The market may reprice that TIPS, but your real yield doesn’t change, unless you sell before maturity.

A key thing to remember about the real yield: After you purchase a TIPS, and pay a premium or discount to par value to create the real yield to maturity, this is what you will earn going forward:

Inflation accruals + coupon rate

In other words, your real yield was set by the price you paid. After that, you earn the rate of inflation + future coupon payments.

Pricing of a TIPS

How is the price of a TIPS determined? At the original auction, investors bid based on the desired real yield to maturity, because at that point there is no set coupon rate. At a reopening auction or on the secondary market, investors know the coupon rate, so bidding is based on how much the real yield will vary from that coupon rate.

You will see TIPS prices based on $100 increments, and that is how much you will pay for $100 of the TIPS’ current value (par value + inflation accruals). If the coupon rate is below the market real yield, then the price of the TIPS will be lower than $100. If the coupon rate is higher than the market, the price of the TIPS will be higher than $100. Here’s an example of how that worked for the 10-year TIPS issued in July 2022:

Originating auction. Even at an original auction, the TIPS price is unlikely to be exactly $100. That’s because: 1) the coupon rate will be slightly below the auctioned real yield (when the real yield is above 0.125%), and that will slightly lower the price you pay, and 2) even a new TIPS will have some inflation and interest accruals. A new TIPS is issued on the 15th of the month, but the settlement date is on the last business day of the month. So an investor is getting about 15 days of accrued inflation and interest.

Take the July 2022 10-year TIPS as an example:

The auctioned real yield, called “high yield” in this chart, was 0.630%, so the Treasury set the coupon rate at 0.625%. That set the unadjusted price for par value at about $99.951. But then you have to calculate in the fact that this TIPS would have an inflation index of 1.00495 on the settlement date of July 29, plus it would earn a few cents of interest in those 14 days.

  • $100 par value x .99951 unadjusted price = $99.952
  • $99.952 x inflation index of 1.00495 = $100.446 adjusted price
  • Plus the investor would prepay for about 2 cents of accrued interest.

Reopening auction. Now let’s quickly look at the result of the 10-year TIPS reopening auction on Nov. 17 for this same TIPS, CUSIP 91282CEZ0. Over the four months from the originating auction, real yields soared higher, so the pricing was quite different.

Note that the coupon rate remained at 0.625%, set by the original auction. But the auction resulted in a much higher real yield to maturity, 1.485%. And because of that, the price paid by investors was deeply discounted.

  • $100 par value x .92312 unadjusted price = $92.3126
  • $92.3126 x inflation index of 1.02147 = $94.2946 adjusted price
  • Plus the investor prepaid for about 23 cents of accrued interest

The key factor here is that the real yield to maturity was created by market demand, and because the real yield was higher than the coupon rate, the price of the TIPS was lower. When you buy a TIPS, whether at an opening or reopening auction or on the secondary market, the real yield to maturity is the key factor to consider. If you hold to maturity, it sets your future return over U.S. inflation.

Non-competitive bidders — that’s all of us — at both new and reopened TIPS automatically get the high yield. Big-money investors make competitive bids, which could be rejected. All winning competitive bids also get the high yield.

Accrued interest. As a side note, you pay for the accrued interest after the sale closes, but this money is not added to the principal of the TIPS. You will get that money back at the next coupon payment; in the case of this July 2022 TIPS, on January 15, 2023.

Inflation accruals

Inflation accruals for TIPS are based on non-seasonally adjusted inflation from two months earlier. The Treasury takes that inflation number and creates an inflation index that changes every day, up or down depending on if inflation was positive or negative two months earlier. For example, non-seasonally adjusted inflation rose 0.41% in October 2022, so TIPS inflation accruals in December are rising 0.41.%. In November, non-seasonal inflation dropped 0.10%, so inflation accruals will decline 0.1% in January.

Each month, on the day the U.S. inflation report is released, the Treasury issues new inflation index ratios for all TIPS for the month two months ahead of the report. Here is the full list of January inflation indexes, based on November inflation. And here is how those numbers look for the TIPS issued in July, CUSIP 91282CEZ0:

In that chart, note that the index ratio for Jan. 1 is 1.02569 and through the month will decline to 1.02469 on Jan. 31 because November was a slightly deflationary month. These inflation indexes are crucial because they set the base principal amount for all TIPS, every single day. That means if you sell a TIPS on the secondary market, you will get the full value of your earned inflation.

Accrued principal value

TIPS have a “market value” — set by the market based on constantly changing real yields to maturity, but also a “current principal value,” which ignores the market shifts and simply measures the current total of par value + inflation accruals. If you are holding to maturity, you can simple track the current accrued principal value with this equation:

Par value x inflation index = Accrued principal

If you bought $10,000 par value of a TIPS and it currently has an inflation index of 1.05672, that TIPS now has $10,567.20 of accrued principal. That number is important because it is the base for the next coupon payment. As it rises, the coupon payment also rises.

At maturity, any TIPS will pay par value x inflation index, along with one final coupon payment. It’s not complicated if you hold to maturity.

Current market value

The accrued principal value is one factor used to determine the current market value of a TIPS on the secondary market. As market real yields rise and fall, the price of the TIPS rises and falls. So the price could be $90 for $100 of value, or $110 for $100 of value, depending on how much the coupon rate varies from the market-set real yield.

Secondary market purchase. When you purchase a secondary-market TIPS at a brokerage, you will be putting a dollar amount in a box, just like at TreasuryDirect. But that is not what you will pay. It is the par value you are purchasing. Your actual purchase would look something like this for a TIPS with a price of $95 and an inflation accrual of 1.15:

  • You place an order for $10,000 par value
  • Principal you are purchasing: $10,0000 x 1.15 = $11,500 accrued value
  • Your cost: $11,500 x .95 = $10,925
  • Plus some small amount of accrued interest.
  • And in some cases, a brokerage commission.

So, in this simplified example, you’d be paying $10,925 for $11,500 of principal. From that moment on, until maturity, you’d be earning inflation + coupon payments. You accepted a below-market coupon rate, but were rewarded with a price discount. It all balances out. Par value is $10,000, so even if severe deflation strikes, you are guaranteed to receive at least $10,000 at maturity, along with coupon payments along the way.

As you go through the brokerage purchase process, you may see “yield to worst” listed as the yield. That is the real yield to maturity. This “worst” terminology refers to callable bonds, but TIPS aren’t callable and the worst yield is the actual real yield to maturity.

Inflation breakeven rate

This is a measure of market sentiment toward future inflation. It is calculated by subtracting the real yield of a TIPS from the nominal yield of a Treasury of the same term. For example, at the Dec. 20 market close, the 10-year inflation breakeven rate was 2.24%, based on Treasury estimates.

  • 10-year Treasury note was yielding 3.69%
  • 10-year TIPS had a real yield of 1.45%
  • 3.69% – 1.45% = 2.24%

Keep in mind that the inflation breakeven rate isn’t a great predictor of future inflation. It just measures market sentiment. Here is the trend in the 10-year inflation breakeven rate from 2003 to 2022. Look at the 2012 to 2108 era. Do you see any prediction or even hint of our current surge to 40-year-high inflation, topping 7% a year over the last two years?

Click on the image for a larger version.

The inflation breakeven rate is a useful tool, however, because it shows how “expensive” TIPS are versus a nominal Treasury. The lower the inflation breakeven rate, the cheaper the relative cost of a TIPS. Right now, with the 10-year at 2.24%, we are at the border of expensive, but the inflation trend has dramatically changed in the last two years. TIPS look attractive, in my opinion.

Final thoughts

I know that TIPS are an esoteric and confusing investment. I was at a party the other night and a friend told me, “I have TIPS in my portfolio but I have no idea how they work.” Yeah, I hear you. Things get less complicated if you invest in individual TIPS and hold to maturity, ignoring market swings. Then you can track current value with a simple Excel spreadsheet: Par value x inflation index.

I am sure I didn’t get close to answering all the possible questions or solving all the mysteries. I’ve been writing about TIPS for more than a decade and I still come across new concepts. It’s a learning process and I hope this article helps. If you did find this article helpful, please share it with friends who are new to investing in TIPS.

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Feel free to post comments or questions below. If it is your first-ever comment, it will have to wait for moderation. After that, your comments will automatically appear.Please stay on topic and avoid political tirades.

David Enna is a financial journalist, not a financial adviser. He is not selling or profiting from any investment discussed. The investments he discusses can be purchased through the Treasury or other providers without fees, commissions or carrying charges. Please do your own research before investing.

Posted in Inflation, Investing in TIPS, TreasuryDirect | 55 Comments

Let’s take a quick look at the pricing of this week’s TIPS auction

Posted on December 24, 2022 by Tipswatch

Some readers are reporting discrepancies. Any ideas?

By David Enna, Tipswatch.com

After I posted my article on Thursday’s reopening auction of CUSIP 91282CFR7, creating a 4-year, 10-month TIPS, several readers reported discrepancies in the pricing being reported by their brokers. In some cases, the broker may have charged a commission or fee. But that is baffling, because many brokers claim to execute Treasury auction purchases with zero commissions or fees for online orders.

This pricing ought to be clear-cut. It should exactly match the prices reported by the U.S. Treasury after the auction closed at 1 p.m. Thursday. Here is the Treasury’s summary:

And here is my estimation of the investment’s cost based on that Treasury data:

I can understand that different brokers will have different ways of detailing the cost. For example, Vanguard reports the unadjusted cost, the adjusted principal, and then the result of this simple calculation:

Unadjusted cost (as a factor like 1.00555894) x adjusted principal = investment cost

My only experience is at Vanguard for brokerage purchases at Treasury auctions, and their reporting system seems quite clear-cut. Other brokers may list different factors, but the resulting investment cost should be the same. For Thursday’s auction, the adjusted cost was $101.135096 for $100 of value. On top of that cost was accrued interest of $3.41240 per $1,000 of value.

I am not sure why some readers seeing differing costs, while others are seeing costs that match the Treasury’s reporting. But I suspect brokers are adding some sort of fee to the transaction. One reader has reported that E-Trade admitted overcharging him. But others at TD Ameritrade are also reporting issues.

I am posting this to give readers a chance to double-check broker transactions for this TIPS. What prices were you seeing on your transaction? Can anyone offer a logical explanation for our group for these discrepancies?

Anyway, have a wonderful holiday weekend.

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Feel free to post comments or questions below. If it is your first-ever comment, it will have to wait for moderation. After that, your comments will automatically appear.Please stay on topic and avoid political tirades.

David Enna is a financial journalist, not a financial adviser. He is not selling or profiting from any investment discussed. The investments he discusses can be purchased through the Treasury or other providers without fees, commissions or carrying charges. Please do your own research before investing.

Posted in Investing in TIPS | 28 Comments

5-year TIPS reopening gets a real yield of 1.504%, a bit higher than expected

Posted on December 22, 2022 by Tipswatch

By David Enna, Tipswatch.com

The Treasury’s offering today of $19 billion in a reopening of a 5-year Treasury Inflation-Protected Security generated a real yield to maturity of 1.504%, a good result for investors. This is CUSIP 91282CFR7, and the reopening created a 4-year, 10-month TIPS.

This TIPS was created in an originating auction on Oct. 22, 2022, and at that time got a real yield of 1.732%, the highest for any TIPS of this term in 15 years. The coupon rate was set at 1.625%, also a 15-year high.

In the two months since that original auction, real yields have been drifting lower. Before today’s auction closed at 1 p.m ET, this TIPS was trading on the secondary market with a real yield of about 1.48%, so the auction result of 1.504% was a positive result for investors. Since April 2009, this is only the third auction of the 4- to 5-year term to get a real yield higher than 1%.

Here is the trend in 5-year real yields over the last two years, showing the sharp rise higher beginning in spring 2022, and then the drift lower in the last two months:

Click on the image for a larger version.

Pricing. Because the auctioned real yield came in below the coupon rate of 1.625%, investors had to pay a premium price for this TIPS. The unadjusted price was about $100.56 for $100 of value. The adjusted price was about $101.14 for $100.58 of value, including accrued inflation. This TIPS will have an inflation index of 1.00576 on the settlement date of Dec. 30.

In addition, investors will pay about 34 cents per $100 of value for coupon interest through the settlement date. That money will be returned at the first coupon payment on April 15.

Inflation breakeven rate

At the auction close at 1 p.m., the nominal 5-year Treasury note was trading with a yield of 3.77%, creating an inflation breakeven rate of just 2.26% for this TIPS. That looks highly attractive and means that this TIPS will outperform the nominal Treasury if inflation averages higher than 2.26% over the next 4 years, 10 months.

Later this afternoon, three hours after the auction close, the 5-year nominal rose to 3.80% and this TIPS was trading with a real yield of 1.53%, even higher than the auction result. That pushed the market’s breakeven rate slightly higher, to 2.27%.

Here is the trend in the 5-year inflation breakeven rate over the last two years, showing the remarkable decline lower since the spring, as the Federal Reserve has taken a hawkish posture against inflation:

Click on the image for a larger version.

Reaction to the auction

Something interesting was happening here, but I’m not exactly sure what. The auctioned real yield climbed higher than expected, which would indicate weak demand. The bid-to-cover ratio was 2.59, which indicates acceptable demand. But my curiosity was aroused when I saw that the high yield of 1.504% was allocated to only 33% of investors. At the October auction, the “allocated at high” was 58%. Last December, it was 82%.

What does it all mean? Who knows, but today’s auction ended up with a real yield above 1.5%, which I consider attractive, along with a lower-than-expected inflation breakeven rate. Investors can be happy with this result.

This auction closes the books on CUSIP 91282CFR7, one of the most attractive TIPS offerings in more than a decade. A new 5-year TIPS will be auctioned April 20, 2023.

Coming Tuesday. I will be publishing a guide to the “Language of TIPS,” the result of a “valiant” effort to explain the complex terminology and processes. Did I succeed? Look for that Tuesday morning.

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Feel free to post comments or questions below. If it is your first-ever comment, it will have to wait for moderation. After that, your comments will automatically appear.Please stay on topic and avoid political tirades.

David Enna is a financial journalist, not a financial adviser. He is not selling or profiting from any investment discussed. The investments he discusses can be purchased through the Treasury or other providers without fees, commissions or carrying charges. Please do your own research before investing.

Posted in Investing in TIPS | 44 Comments

Despite volatility, this week’s 5-year TIPS reopening remains appealing

Posted on December 18, 2022 by Tipswatch

By David Enna, Tipswatch.com

Opinion: Nominal and real yields for mid- to longer-term Treasurys are lower than they should be. The Federal Reserve is aggressively tightening, sending clear signals it wants interest rates heading higher. But the result is lower yields on 5- to 30-year Treasurys.

Why is this happening? Some guesses: 1) The bond (and stock) markets are beginning to price in a slowdown in U.S. economic growth, most likely leading to a recession in 2023; 2) The markets don’t fully buy the Fed’s determination to keep fighting inflation no matter what; and/or 3) The markets believe that U.S. inflation is under control and will slip much lower in 2023.

Since Nov. 1, the nominal yield on a 5-year Treasury note has declined 57 basis points, from 4.18% to 3.61%. The real yield on a full-term 5-year Treasury Inflation-Protected Security has declined 15 basis points, from 1.61% to 1.47% as of Friday’s market close, based on Treasury estimates.

That’s significant. TIPS yields have been holding at higher levels than comparable nominal Treasurys. When that happens, the market is pricing in lower future inflation. And when that happens, TIPS go on sale versus their nominal counterparts. TIPS are attractive right now.

Thursday’s 5-year TIPS reopening

On Dec. 22, the Treasury will offer $19 billion in a reopening auction of CUSIP 91282CFR7, creating a 4-year, 10-month TIPS. (FYI, that $19 billion size is the largest in history for any 5-year TIPS reopening, up from $17 billion in last December’s comparable auction.)

CUSIP 91282CFR7 had an originating auction on Oct. 10, 2022, which at the time I called a “unicorn event” because of a slew of factors making that offering attractive. It ended up auctioning with a real yield of 1.732%, highest for this term in 15 years, and the coupon rate was set at 1.625%, also the highest for this term in more than 15 years.

And now it will be reopened Thursday. This TIPS trades on the secondary market, and you can track its current real yield and price in real time on Bloomberg’s Current Yields page. At Friday’s close it was trading with a real yield of 1.46% and a price of $100.76 for $100 of value. The price is at a premium because the real yield is now below the coupon rate of 1.625%.

Definition: The “real yield” of a TIPS is its yield above official future U.S. inflation, over the term of the TIPS. So a real yield of 1.46% means an investment in this TIPS will exceed U.S. inflation by 1.46% for 4 years, 10 months. If inflation averages 2.2%, you’d get a nominal return of 3.66%, on par with a nominal U.S. Treasury. But if inflation averages 4.5%, you’d get a nominal return of 5.96%.

Pricing. This TIPS will carry an inflation index of 1.00576 on the settlement date of Dec. 30. That means investors at Thursday’s auction will be paying roughly $101.34 for about $100.58 of accrued principal, along with an additional 34 cents of accrued interest. Put another way, an investor placing an order for $10,000 of par value of this TIPS will be paying about $10,134 for $10,058 of principal. That’s a rough estimate and things could change by Thursday.

Here’s the trend in the 5-year real yield over the last 4 1/2 years, showing how yields have declined since peaking in October, but remain historically attractive:

Inflation breakeven rate

With a 5-year nominal Treasury note closing Friday with a yield of 3.62%, this TIPS currently has an inflation breakeven rate of 2.16%, a rate that seems surprisingly low for a short-term investment in a time of 7.1% U.S. inflation. Over the last five years, inflation has been averaging about 3.9%.

So we come back to my point that real yields on TIPS have been declining much less than those on nominal Treasurys of the same term. Why? Investors are betting that U.S. inflation will decline to historical levels very quickly. I’ll take the other side of that bet: I think inflation will average more than 2.16% over the next five years, so this TIPS is an attractive investment.

Here is the trend in the 5-year inflation breakeven rate over the last 4 1/2 years, showing that inflation expectations have been sliding lower since March 2022.

Final thoughts

Although I have loaded up on TIPS maturing in 2027 this year, I am likely to be a buyer at Thursday’s auction. A real yield of 1.46% is historically attractive. Yes, yields could climb higher, but this TIPS is a safe hold-to-maturity investment. I will also be looking with strong interest at the new 10-year TIPS to be auctioned Jan. 19, filling a 2033 spot in my TIPS ladder.

Some TIPS investors don’t like buying additional principal at a premium price, but I think a real yield of around 1.46% — if it holds through Thursday — is good enough to overcome that objection. Since October 2009, there have been 41 TIPS auctions of the 4- to 5-year term and only two have generated a real yield above 1%. Real yields could eventually head even higher, but I feel the need to nibble away at these while they are available.

One note: I do think U.S. inflation (specifically non-seasonally adjusted inflation) could hit a brief, illusionary low-inflation or deflationary spell early in 2023. The year-ago inflation numbers will be hard to beat: January, 0.84%; February, 0.81%; March, 1.34%, April, 0.56%, May 1.10% and June, 1.37%. That will mean the annual inflation number should be declining, even as U.S. prices continue to increase. It’s something to be aware of if you fret about your TIPS investments month to month.

My schedule

When this auction closes at 1 p.m. Thursday, I am likely to be on the road to visit relatives for the holiday. I won’t be able to post the results immediately. You can find results on this page soon after the auction closes.

Non-competitive bids at TreasuryDirect must be placed by noon Thursday. If you are putting an order in through a brokerage, make sure to place your order Wednesday or very early Thursday, because brokers cut off auction orders before the noon deadline.

Here’s a history of recent 4- to 5-year TIPS auctions, highlighting the only two auctions over the last 13 years with real yields higher than 1%.

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Feel free to post comments or questions below. If it is your first-ever comment, it will have to wait for moderation. After that, your comments will automatically appear.Please stay on topic and avoid political tirades.

David Enna is a financial journalist, not a financial adviser. He is not selling or profiting from any investment discussed. The investments he discusses can be purchased through the Treasury or other providers without fees, commissions or carrying charges. Please do your own research before investing.

Posted in Inflation, Investing in TIPS | 67 Comments

U.S. inflation rose 0.1% in November, well below expectations

Posted on December 13, 2022 by Tipswatch

Stock and bond markets are celebrating, with good reason.

By David Enna, Tipswatch.com

For the second month in a row, U.S. inflation came in below expectations in November, clearing the way for speculation that the Federal Reserve could soon pivot away from interest rate increases in 2023.

The Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers rose just 0.1% in November on a seasonally adjusted basis, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Over the last 12 months, the all-items index increased 7.1%. Both of those numbers were below expectations of 0.3% for the month and 7.3% year over year.

Core inflation, which removes food and energy, also came in below expectations, rising 0.2% for the month and 6.0% for the year.

The all-items increase of 7.1% was the smallest 12-month increase since the period ending December 2021, the BLS said. The core increase of 6.0% was the smallest since August 2021.

Obviously, this inflation report will be greeted with joy in the stock and bond markets, providing a clear signal that the Federal Reserve can set a path toward less-aggressive monetary tightening. Just a few minutes ago, I heard a Bloomberg commentator suggest that we need to revive the “transitory” description for U.S. inflation. Uh … let’s not get ahead of ourselves.

The BLS noted that the cost of shelter (up 0.6% for the month and 7.1% for the year) was the biggest factor in all-items inflation, more than offsetting a 2.0% decline in the cost of gasoline (which is still up 10.1% year over year.). Other highlights from the report:

  • Food costs were up 0.5% for the month, continuing a string of sharply higher monthly price reports. Food at home costs are now up 12.0% year over year.
  • The index for fruits and vegetables increased 1.4% in November, after falling 0.9% in October. On the positive side, the index for meats and poultry fell 0.2% for the month.
  • Apparel costs were up 0.2% for the month and 3.6% for the year.
  • The costs of medical care services fell 0.7% for the month.
  • Costs for used cars and trucks fell for the fifth month in a row, down 2.9% for the month and 3.3% year over year (after rising sharply in 2021).
  • Costs of new vehicles held stable, but are up 7.2% year over year.
  • The index for airline fares fell 3.0% over the month, following a 1.1% decrease in October.

Overall, this was a positive inflation report, with the one exception of food prices, which are continuing to increase at a brisk pace. The cost of shelter, also higher, is considered a lagging indicator of past price increases rolling into effect. Shelter costs could eventually begin to fall in 2023.

Here is the trend in all-items and core inflation over the last 12-months, showing the consistent declines in all-items inflation since early summer, drawing closer to core inflation as gasoline prices have declined:

What this means for TIPS and I Bonds

Investors in Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities and U.S. Series I Savings Bonds are also interested in non-seasonally adjusted inflation, which is used to adjust principal balances on TIPS and set future interest rates on I Bonds. For November, the BLS set the CPI-U inflation index at 297.711, down 0.1% from October.

For TIPS. The November report means that principal balances for all TIPS will decline 0.1% in January, after rising 0.41% in December. However, TIPS principal balances will have increased 7.1% for the year ending on January 31. Here are the new January inflation indexes for all TIPS.

Today’s report is sending real yields down sharply, which could affect the Dec. 22 reopening auction of CUSIP 91282CFR7, which two months ago auctioned with a real yield of 1.732%. This morning that TIPS is trading on the secondary market with a real yield of 1.27%.

For I Bonds. The November report is the second in a six-month string that will determine the I Bond’s new inflation-adjusted variable rate, which will be reset on May 1 based on inflation from October 2022 to March 2023. As of November, inflation is up 0.3%, which translates to an variable rate of. 0.60%. But it’s far too early to say where inflation is heading over the next four months. Here are the numbers:

View historical data back to 2012 on my Inflation and I Bonds page.

What this means for future interest rates

The U.S. stock market is set to open sharply higher in a few minutes, a predictable response to this inflation report. And in the bond market, yields are sharply lower. All of this is anticipating that weakening inflation will allow the Federal Reserve to gradually stall future increases in interest rates. I think the Fed will go ahead with a 50-basis-point increase tomorrow, but give dovish signals about future rate increases.

It’s impossible to say at this point that inflation has truly been “tamed,” but we will now be entering a phase where year-over-year comparisons should cause inflation to continue declining. In January 2022, non-seasonally adjusted inflation increased 0.84%; in February 2022, 0.91%; and in March 2022, 1.34%. It’s unlikely U.S. inflation in future months will match those numbers, so year-over-year inflation should continue to decline in early 2023.

The Federal Reserve appears to have a path ahead that will allow it to hold short-term interest rates near the level it announces tomorrow.

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Posted in Federal Reserve, I Bond, Inflation, Investing in TIPS | 22 Comments